Hall Cases Essay

INTERNAL CONTROL CASES 1. Solution Smith’s Market a), b) See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) Access to the cash drawers by sales clerks requires more accountability. Each drawer is accessed by various clerks throughout the day and cash may be withdrawn by any of them. 2) The internal cash register tape should be used as a control to determine how much cash (including checks, and credit card vouchers) should be in the register drawer. 3) The shift supervisor does not sign for the specific amount of cash received or returned at the end of the day. He simply logs the drawers in and out. 4) The treasury clerk is unsupervised in the counting of cash. 5) The treasury clerk has asset custody and responsibility for recording sales and cash in the journal and General Ledger. d) 2.Solution to Spice is Right a), b), See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) No credit check 2) Inventory control function is performed by warehouse clerk. 3) Accounting department bills customer, updates the AR account, and records sales in the Sales Journal thus reducing the opportunity to detect discrepancies between total sales and AR postings. 4) Customer is billed before order is actually shipped 5) Remittance List should be prepared in the mailroom 6) No journal voucher prepared by cash receipts clerk. 7) Cash receipts clerk does not prepare a deposit slip. d) IT Controls for Basic Technology System e) Flowchart of revised system Student responses will vary for this part of the assignment. The following issues, however, need to be addressed. Upgrade stand-alone computers to a networked environment The internal control problems already covered that need to be corrected in the new system. 3. Solution to ABE Plumbing a), b) See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) No Credit check is performed. 2) The sales clerk closes the open sales order causing the sale to be recorded before the goods are actually shipped. 3) The warehouse clerk has asset custody and should not also update the inventory records. 4)The shipping clerk does not reconcile the stock release with the original order. This allows for the wrong items and or quantities to be shipped. 5) Customer is billed before the goods are shipped. Billing should be triggered by shipping notice. Instead, the customer invoice is printed from  the closed sales order, which was prepared before the goods were shipped. d) Flowchart of revised system Student responses will vary for this part of the assignment. The following issues, however, need to be addressed. The internal control problems already covered that need to be corrected in the new system. A system configuration similar to figure 4-18 would be appropriate. 4. Solution to Walker Books a), b), See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses Sales Processing: 1) The credit check is performed by the sales representative 2) The sales department should not be maintain the sales journal 3) The warehouse should not be updating inventory subsidiary ledger Cash Receipts 4) Mail room workers have access to both check and remittance advices. This situation require a reduced span of control and separate mail room procedures for customer payments vs routine mail. 5) The accounts receivable clerk has access to both the checks and the customer accounts d)IT Controls for Basic Technology System e) Revised System Walker Books System Student responses will vary for this part of the assignment but should address the internal control issues already covered. 5. Solution to AV Safety, Inc. a), b), d) See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) No credit check is performed 2) Sales journal is updated before the goods are shipped 3) Warehouse clerk has access to inventory and also update the inventory ledger 4) Mailroom clerk has access to both the remittance advice and the checks, no remittance list id prepared. 5) AR clerk has access to both the checks and the remittance advices d) IT Controls for a Basic Technology System e) Student responses will vary for this part of the assignment, but should address the internal control issues identified above. 6.Solution to Premier Sports Memorabilia a), b), d) See diagrams on the following pages. c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) Transaction is recorded in Sales Journal before goods are shipped. 2) Warehouse and Shipping functions are combined. This removes control over picking and shipping the wrong products. 3) Mail room clerk should prepare a remittance list to control remittance advices and checks 4) Although not stated in the case as aproblem, the auditor should evaluate network access controls (passwords, access privileges) to ensure a proper segregation of duties d) IT Controls e) Student solutions to this part of the case will vary. The solution should address the control issues identified in part C. 7. Solution to Bait ‘n Reel a, b, and e, see pages that follow c) Internal Control Weaknesses 1) The sales clerk performs the credit check this is a segregation of duties and transaction authorization problem. 2) Warehouse should not update the inventory and General ledger control accounts. 3) AR Clerk should not update the general ledger. 4) Billing and AR are combined. This structure will mask discrepancies between what was billed and what was recorded as a sale. 5) Supervision is needed in the mailroom because employees who open the mail have access to both cash and the remittance advice. 5) The cash receipts clerk has access to the assets (cash) and is responsible for updating the general ledger. 6) See 3 above. d)It Controls

The Confederate Truths

The Confederate Truths Free Online Research Papers The enormous impact of the Civil War on our nation will probably never be determined, but would never have been possible without the courageous stand of the Confederate States of America against invading Union forces. The independence of the Confederate States commenced by the withdrawal of the State of South Carolina from the Union of the United States. The ordinance of secession was passed on December 20, 1860 by a unanimous vote. The withdrawal of South Carolina from the Union was followed successively by the states of Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana. A convention of delegates from these six seceding states assembled in Congress at Montgomery, Alabama, to organize a Provisional Government, on the 4th day of February 1861, where they drafted a constitution for the Confederate States of America (Clarke 3). Many different efforts were made to save the Union and prevent a war. Some believed the Constitution did not allow the North to take an action against the South. An amendment was even passed saying Congress could never interfere with slavery in the states, but it was not ratified by the necessary number of states and was forgotten when the Civil War began. The existence of slavery was the central element of the conflict between the North and South. Other problems existed that also helped lead up to succession. It appears that the only way for the war to have been avoided was to abolish slavery, but this could not be done because slavery is what kept the South alive and running. Lincoln argued that people who were in opposition, or divided against themselves, could not stand, thereby making it impossible for government to endure permanently with the states divided in half. Therefore, because there were two opposing regions or societies and slavery could not be abolished, the Civil Wa r was inevitable (Clarke 4). The Hon. R. M. Barnwell, of South Carolina, was appointed temporary chairman. Forty-three men of these six southern states adopted the Constitution of the Confederate States of America on Friday, February the 8th. The following day, Congress proceeded to the election of President and Vice-President. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President, were elected by unanimous vote. They were sworn in on February 18, 1861 (Clarke 13). Davis, who had been elected President, actually wanted to be appointed General in the Confederate Army. He was a graduate of West Point, fought as a Colonel of Mississippi Rifles in the Mexican War, and was Secretary of War. He was pleased, however, when he was informed that he would be the President of a fledgling nation. When Davis had attended West Point, he had clearly read in his textbooks, that any state had the right to secede. However, before leaving his U.S. Senate seat, he wanted to compromise. Dav is knew that if the South declared independence, a war was immanent. Davis pointed out that the South was not the first to consider secession. The states composing New England had three times considered secession. Once during the War of 1812, once during the admission of Missouri as a slave state, and once with the admission of Texas into the Union. Therefore, he rationalized that secession was legal. (Clarke 24). â€Å"On February 1st, 1861, the State of Texas declared her independence by withdrawing from the Union, and uniting herself with the new Confederacy. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Missouri also resumed their original sovereignty, and were admitted into the Confederacy.† (Clarke 18). Jefferson Davis, in his inaugural address, stated simply that, â€Å"All we ask is to be left alone† (Clarke 27). By April, the tension between the Union and Confederacy had become too great. When Major Anderson refused to surrender Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, the Confederate harbor guns opened fired. In the siege, the only casualty was a Confederate horse. It was a bloodless start to a very bloody war. â€Å"Invoking his states Revolutionary motto, Sic Semper Tyrannis, a young Virginia officer filled letters to his mother with comparisons of the Norths war of subjugation against the South to Englands war upon the colonies† (Clarke 78). He was confident that the Confederacy would win the â€Å"second War for American Independence† because â€Å"Tyranny cannot prosper in the nineteenth century against a people fighting for their liberties.† (Clarke 9). Most southerners who volunteered to fight felt this way. As a Confederate officer wrote they were not only fighting for their freedom, but for their relatives and descendants because they strongly believed in that they had the right to secede and that their constitution was stronger than the Union’s. Therefore, the average Confederate soldier believed that he was fighting for his rights, independence, his family and ultimately to protect his homeland form what many Southerners now considered to be a foreign nation. Until the emancipation proclamation was issued in 1862, the Union was fighting for just that, the Union. When Lincoln issued his proclamation, it outraged many officers in the Union army (Clarke 17). Most Southern soldiers did not care about slavery one way or the other. Only the elite planter and politician class cared at all about retaining their slaves. (Clarke 45). They viewed the proclamation with contempt. It freed only slaves in the Confederacy, not in the bo rder states of Maryland or Kentucky. Later, Lincoln by his own admission proclaimed that his proclamation at the time carried no weight. (Clarke 17). Indeed, the Confederate constitution made slavery legal in the South, but it declared the further importation of slaves from foreign countries (the U.S. included) to be illegal. So how do we know that most Confederates did not fight just for slavery? They wrote letters, kept diaries, and they were encouraged to write them. A misnomer is that Civil War soldiers were illiterate. However, the armies of the Civil War were the most literate in history up to that time (80 percent of Confederates, and 90 percent of white Unionists) and consisted mainly of volunteers rather than draftees or long-service regulars (Clarke 34). Only one in fifteen of all Southern whites ever owned a slave. Overall, there were fewer than 350,000 Southern slave-owners. However, there were some 600,000 soldiers in the Confederate Armies (9 out of 10 free white males ). Therefore, if all slave owners were in uniform- and certainly they were not- this still leaves several hundred thousand soldiers with no personal interest in slavery but rather in states’ rights and the concept of the Confederate constitution (Clarke 9). With losses between 20 and 30 percent in large engagements, the south needed a better system for recruiting, training, and arming its soldiers. By late 1862, the Confederate Congress authorized and approved the National Conscription Act. It stated that all male citizens between ages 18 and 35 had to enlist in the Confederate Army. This outraged many southerners. They were upset at the fact that they were fighting for liberty, and it was their choice to fight, or not. In the mountainous regions of Eastern Tennessee, North Georgia, and Western North Carolina, protest to the draft was significant. Many in these regions had opposed secession in the first place, and were not about to be told they had to fight for something they did not believe in. In addition, there were two clauses in the draft that upset many southerners; first, a planter owning more than 20 slaves was exempt from serving. While this was a small minority in the country, it was a large majority in the Confederate Congres s; Second, there was a Substitution clause that stated that one could get someone else to take ones place. Many soldiers now declared that the war was â€Å"A rich mans war, a poor mans fight.† (Clarke 129). However, the draft served its purpose. Many southerners looked upon a draftee as being a coward. Therefore, with the passing of the draft, the volunteer rate soared. Many men volunteered instead of waiting to be drafted. The draft worked, and by 1863, the Confederate armies were as large as they would ever be. Even when the war took a turn for the worst after Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the armies kept fighting. â€Å"Outnumbered, underfed, and poorly equipped, they withstood one of the worlds most powerful military forces for four years of the bloodiest warfare ever raged in the Western Hemisphere. The concepts of southern nationalism, liberty, self-government, resistance to tyranny, and other ideological purposes (were) a concrete, visceral form: the defense of home and hearth against an invading enemy.† (Clarke 18). To stay alive, the South also pursued an aggressive foreign policy throughout the war. â€Å"There is no doubt,† said William E. Gladstone, Britains Chancellor of the Exchequer, â€Å"that Jefferson Davis and other leaders of the South have made an army; they are making, it appears, a navy, and they have made what is m ore than either- they have made a nation. We may anticipate with certainty the success of the Southern states.† (Clarke 128). The South pursued a policy that stated that â€Å"Cotton was King†, and that Europe could not live without it. Surely, they thought, Britain or France, or both would intervene on behalf of the Confederacy. It never happened. Britain and France, while sympathetic to the Southern cause, did not have the backing of the working class of their nations and at best could only help the Confederacy get around the blockade. The War between the States was the defining point of the last century, and we still feel its affects today. Civil War re-enactors live like, and fight like our ancestors. African Americans fight on both sides, just like in the war. Over 50,000 of free blacks- 12% of the Confederate Army- took up arms in defense of their native south. While the number of African Americans that fought for the North is much greater than that of the South, the blacks in uniform in the North made up only 10% of its force. It is still an issue often overlooked by historians. The Confederacy fell to Union powers in 1865, with the surrendering of the armed forces and the capture and imprisonment of Jefferson Davis. â€Å"Were these things real?† wrote Sam Watkins, who fought in the First Tennessee from the beginning of the war until its end. â€Å"Did I see those brave and noble countrymen of mine laid low in death and weltering in their blood? Did I see our country laid waste and in ruins? Did I see soldiers marching, the earth trembling and jarring beneath their measured tread? Did I see the ruins of smoldered cities and deserted homes? Did I see the flag of my country, which I had followed for so long, furled to be no more unfurled forever? Surely they are but the vagaries of mine own imaginationBut, hush! I hear the approach of battle. That low, rumbling sound in the West is the roar of cannon in the distance. (Clarke 417). Th e enormous impact on our nation by the Civil War will probably never be determined, and would not have been possible without the stand of the Confederate States of America. Clarke, Whitford William. Volunteers in the Civil War. Rio Grande Press, Inc.: Sante Fe, 1971. Research Papers on The Confederate Truths19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWHip-Hop is ArtAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Ray tracing Essays

Ray tracing Essays Ray tracing Essay Ray tracing Essay The objective of this experiment is to find the length of an object and its focal lengths. I will first try to hypothesize where the length points will be. The given results of my hypothesized diagrams will determine the lengths of the focal points. I will then be able to find out where the object image will be situated by following my ray trace diagrams. I believe that I will be able to find the length of the object image if I can find the two focal length points ( 1/v and 1/u displayed in my ray trace diagrams and the focal graph). To achieve this I have decided that I could not get an accurate hypothesis if I did not know this information, so I will carry out a small practical experiment. We found that if the lens is thin, the focal length is longer, and if it is thicker, the focal length is smaller. The focal length for our lens is 10cm. I have created some ray tracing diagrams to show my predicted lengths using the focal length that I found. I have found the longest distance that I can get a clear image is 100cm, the shortest being 15cm. I then carried out an experiment to prove my hypothesis. I used light boxes to create a light source, but this is not extremely accurate as the light rays diverge and are not parallel. I used a screen and a lens to try to find an image. My results for my experiment were as follows. I had three atempts to make my experiment more accurate. Image lens Lens Screen Image size (cm) 1st/2nd/3rd attempt (cm) 1st/2nd/3rd attempt (mm) 15 33/35/36.5 25/28/29 25 18/18/18.5 9/9/9 40 15/14/15 5/5/4 50 14/13.5/13.5 3/3/3.5 60 13.5/13/13.5 2.5/2.5/2.5 80 12.5/12.5/12.5 1/1/1.5 100 12/12/12.5 1/1/1 I have found the averages of the 3 attempts and have also put these in a table. Image lens Lens Screen Image size (cm) Average(to 2dp, cm) Average (to 1dp, mm) 15 34.80 27.3 25 18.17 9 40 14.67 4.7 50 13.67 3.2 60 13.33 2.5 80 12.50 1.3 100 12.17 1 This data is represented in a graph. It shows that the longer you move the object to the lens away, the less distance between the screen to the lens is needed to get a clear image. The further the object to the lens is the smaller the image size. The only problems that I had with my experiment were the fact that the light rays were not perfectly parallel. This could of lead to the rays moving away from the focal points, and could then move the object image a few millimeters, which could change the results by a lot. The other problem was the materials. These were not of a high quality, and the measuring devices we used were 1 meter rulers, which were not accurate enough to the millimeter. We also did not know what thickness the lenses were, so we could not go into further detail into the changes, which they may have caused. Overall the experiment was a success. It showed basically what my raytracing diagrams, and my hypothesis had shown. It gave a clear, precise trend on how the lengths change. Changing with size it shows the further you pull the object from the lens, the shorter length you have to put the lens from the screen.

How to Write a Cover Letter That Gets You Noticed

How to Write a Cover Letter That Gets You Noticed The best resume in the world may not do you any good if you’re missing one critical element: a cover letter. But not just any cover letter will do. As the first impression you’ll make with an employer in today’s extremely competitive job market, an effective cover letter becomes a critical selling point. Here’s what you need to know to write a cover letter than not only gets noticed, but earns a spot atop the pile. More Than a FormalityMany job applicants think of cover letters as obligatory fluff: a meaningless, archaic precursor to the resume. This couldn’t be further from the truth. When crafting your cover letter, think of it not as a necessary evil, but as an opportunity to enhance your resume and engage its readers.Your cover letter sets the tone for everything that follows in the relationship between applicant and potential employer. The underlying theme of the most successful cover letters answers the question, â€Å"Why am I the right cand idate for this job?†Practice Your Matchmaking SkillsSo now you understand why you’re writing a cover letter, but what should it include? The answer is simple: that depends on the job. While a resume may be designed to show off your experience at large, a cover letter has a different intent: to make the case for why a company should hire you.Creating a standard cover letter with a broad overview of your qualifications misses the point. The trick is to match the skills set forth in the job description with your own background and talents. Take a minute to identify specific experiences and achievements which demonstrate how you fulfill the job requirements. These are the bread and butter of your cover letter.Remember, the job application process is ultimately a matchmaking game between you and prospective companies. The best way to make a match? Do your research to gain a better understanding of each company’s needs, goals and values. Today’s retention-minded companies aren’t just looking for candidates who fit the job, but also who fit the overall corporate culture.Doing your research also means getting all of the seemingly small things right - from the title of the position to the contact person’s name and title. This demonstrates both initiative and attention to detail.Beyond KeywordsKeywords matter, but only to a degree. Why? Because anyone can throw words onto a piece of paper.What really matters is using these words to showcase why you’re the right candidate for the position. Include keywords and key phrases, but be sure to link them to your experience and offerings in a meaningful way.While your temptation may be to pack your cover letter with words and phrases lifted directly from the job description, practice restraint. After all, hiring managers see hundreds and thousands of resumes every year and can easily distinguish the generic from the great.Also, keep in mind that your cover letter isn’t mean t to tell the whole story. Rather, it serves as an important introduction to what follows. Include only what truly matters, avoid bragging about unrelated abilities, and keep it to a concise one page. The best cover letters are not so much about showcasing a candidate’s accomplishments, but about identifying a company’s particular need and demonstrating your potential to fill it.In an era in which 13 percent of recent college grads are unemployed, and 44 percent are â€Å"underemployed† - meaning they are overqualified for the jobs they accept - making a standout impression with employers can mean the difference between getting the job of your dreams and ending up as a troubling statistic. While a smart and comprehensive resume is a vital part of landing a job, a well-crafted cover letter is an equally valuable part of the equation.

Is it legal to download the music freely Research Paper

Is it legal to download the music freely - Research Paper Example The research project aims at addressing the question whether free download of music is legal. The authors investigate the issue of illegal downloading of music under ethical perspective. They indicate that people illegally download music despite them knowing that it is wrong. This article is peer reviewed and I have not found any awards for the article. The main aim of the research for this project is to determine whether music downloads for free is legal. The authors indicate that individual’s share and record music for other to download the music online for free. One example is the case of napster that enabled users to download anything they want on the internet for free. However, it is now restricted by legal actions. This article is peer reviewed with no awards for it. It seeks to explore the aim of the project that asks whether the download of music for free is legal. This article is able to study the degree to which protecting copyright owners is required. This is the case for music download requiring individuals to download music for free which is illegal. This article is peer reviewed with no awards for the article. It adds to the aim of this project that seeks to understand whether download of music for free is legal. The author indicates that people widely share music files on the internet. Such transfers allow individuals to download the music for free which can be illegal. This article is peer reviewed with no awards for the article. The aim of my project is to answer the question as to whether it is legal to download music for free. The author indicates that most of the software and music industries suggest to consumers that copying digital contents would land them in jail. Scelba, Curtis Johnlee. "Culture and the Digital Copyright Chimera: Assessing the International Regulatory System of the Music Industry in Relation to Cultural Diversity." International Journal of Cultural Property (2009):

Extended definition of an object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extended definition of an object - Essay Example In the later half of the nineteenth century, the great train wrecks helped the railroad pocket watch serve as a staple for the workers of railway. It was on 18 April 1891 when in Kipton, Ohio, two trains came across each other. An engineer’s pocket watch who was on a passenger train, stopped to function for about four minutes. The temporary dysfunction of the pocket watch was making the train late. The unfortunate event happened when the mail freighter, another train came moving in the same direction as the first train. The second train was heading towards a different side of the town. As a result of the delays caused by the dysfunction of the pocket watch, the two trains did not meet each other at the supposed location. Rather they collided near the town’s edge causing eight casualties that included the two conductors of the respective trains. This unfortunate accident instigated a lot of changes in the rail community. One of the people for whom the incident proved for tunate was Mr. W. C. Ball who was a watchmaker as well as a jeweler and had specialized in the skill of pocket watch making. Ball knew how to keep track of time.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Reading response - Essay Example ies and to socialize the industries of the country.’ (Hillquit, 18) The platform of the party is to create awareness among the masses and is to educate them about political class-consciousness. However, as the American workers are dubious of the Socialist movement, they are approached through the Labor Party. The Labor Party can gain their confidence and then and lead them to the path of Socialism. The difference between the Socialist Party in the United States and the Communist Party of Russia is the scope of their manifesto. The Socialist party wants to emancipates all thus extending the benefits of industrialization to the masses in the United States. On the other hand the Communist Party in Russia holds the authority in few hands with the State being the channel that decides what and how much should be passed on to the masses. Thus these tow philosophies differ from one another as the two countries are different from each other, but as far as racialism in the United States is concerned than the Socialist Party takes the